Citation Styles

This guide was developed by the Council of Science Editors (CSE), a professional association in science publishing, to encompass all areas of the sciences. The eighth edition has been revised to reflect current best practices in scientific publishing. Scientific Style and Format citation style has been reorganized, and its style recommendations have been updated to align with the advice of authoritative international bodies. Also new to the eighth edition are guidelines and examples for citing a variety of digital sources. Style instructions for physics, chemistry, genetics, biological sciences, and astronomy have been adjusted to reflect developments in each field. The coverage of numbers, units, mathematical expressions, and statistics has been revised and now includes more information on managing tables, figures, and indexes. Additionally, a discussion of plagiarism and other aspects of academic integrity is incorporated, along with a complete treatment of developments in copyright law, including Creative Commons.