Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation, including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and equitable access for all.
In the year before the COVID-19 pandemic triggered the greatest economic crisis in decades, manufacturing value added had seen the slowest year-on-year growth rate since 2012, primarily because of tariff and trade tensions between the most dominant economies. The pandemic has hit the manufacturing and transport industries hard, causing job losses and declining incomes for workers in those sectors. The crisis poses unprecedented challenges for global value chains by disrupting both the supply of and the demand for goods. Small-scale industries have been severely affected, and many continue to face existential challenges. However, the COVID-19 crisis also offers opportunities to foster industrialization and bring groundbreaking technologies to developing countries.
Industrial Clusters and Innovation Systems in Africa by 
Sustainable Development, Adaptation and Maintenance of Infrastructure by 
